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"+" : X<0 ? "-" : " " }function CreateXmlHttpObj1() {try {XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");}catch(e) {try{XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");}catch(oc) {XmlHttpObj1 = null;}}if(!XmlHttpObj1 && typeof XMLHttpRequest != "undefined") {XmlHttpObj1 = new XMLHttpRequest();}}function loadingTime() {//calculate the current time in afterloadvar afterload = (new Date()).getTime();//calculate the secondsclientTime = (afterload-beforeload)/1000;serverTime =  parseFloat(document.getElementById("serverTime").innerHTML);totalTime = (clientTime + serverTime).toFixed(3);document.getElementById("loadingtime").innerHTML = "and delivered in " + totalTime + " seconds";}function addLoadEvent(func) {var oldonload = window.onload;if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {window.onload = func;} else {window.onload = function() {if (oldonload) {oldonload();}func();}}}</script>    <title>SSRN JEL Code: O54</title>    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">    <meta name="robots" content="noindex">        <meta name="description" content="SSRN JEL Code: O54">        <meta name="keywords" content="SSRN, JEL Code: O54">        <link rel="search"              type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"  href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/opensearchdescription.xml"              title="SSRN" />    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script></head>    <body class="new-layout"><div id="genericToastr" class="generic-toastr"><div class="toastr-icon"><i id="toastrIcon"></i></div><div id="toastrMessage" class="toastr-mesage"></div><div class="toastr-close"><i class="icon icon-gizmo-delete" onclick="closeToastr()"></i></div><div class="toastr-link"><a id="toastrLink" href="#"></a></div></div>    <script language="javascript">//Language functionsfunction changeLanguage1(language, response){$.ajax({url: '/AltLanguage_ajax.cfm?type=changeLanguage&partid=1&strCode=en',cache: false,success: function(data) {// Update values in cookiesSet_Cookie('SITEID',language,'-1','/','.ssrn.com','');Set_Cookie('SITEID',language,'1000','/','.ssrn.com','');// Finally, perform redirectionif (response == 'reload') {window.location.reload();}else {window.location.href=response;}}});}function Set_Cookie( name, value, expires, path, domain, secure ) {// set time, its in millisecondsvar today = new Date();today.setTime( today.getTime() );/*if the expires variable is set, make the correctexpires time, the current script below will setit for x number of days, to make it for hours,delete * 24, for minutes, delete * 60 * 24*/if ( expires ) {expires = expires * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;}var expires_date = new Date( today.getTime() + (expires) );document.cookie = name + "=" +escape( value ) +( ( expires ) ? 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class="box-container"><header><form name="searchForm" id="searchForm" action="?form_name=Jel&code=O54&lim=false" method="post">    <h1 class="section-title">    <div>Search Results</div>    <span>JEL Code: O54</span></h1>            <div class="organization-header">
            <div class="info">
                
                                
                
                    <strong>   103,631 </strong>Total downloads
                                
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Analisis Economico Aplicado, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales - Dept. de Análisis Económico Aplicado and University of Waikato - Management School                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 3,881</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <div class="trow abs abs_625277" id="div_625277">                        <div class="actions">                            2.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=625277">The Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Income Distribution</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 43</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 20 Apr 2016</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=374583" target="_blank">César A. 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                                                                                           </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=344608" target="_blank">Jesus Felipe</a>, <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1504679" target="_blank">Arnelyn Abdon</a> and <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=392319" target="_blank">Utsav Kumar</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Bank and Asian Development Bank                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 2,525</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                     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Homosexuality: An Empirical Study of 16 Countries</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 22</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 25 Jun 2016</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=2139" target="_blank">Robert W. McGee</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Fayetteville State University - Department of Accounting                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 1,704</span>                                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     class="title optClickTitle" href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1551498">Upgrading to Compete Global Value Chains, Clusters, and SMEs in Latin America</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>UPGRADING TO COMPETE GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS, CLUSTERS, AND SMES IN LATION AMERICA, Carlo Pietrobelli, Roberta Rabellotti, Harvard University Press, 2006</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 347</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 15 Feb 2010</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=374022" target="_blank">Carlo Pietrobelli</a> and <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=377588" target="_blank">Roberta Rabellotti</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University Roma Tre, Department of Economics and University of Pavia                     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      </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 19</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 13 Dec 2005</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=2139" target="_blank">Robert W. McGee</a> and <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=350046" target="_blank">Simon S. M. Ho</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Fayetteville State University - Department of Accounting and Hong Kong Baptist University                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 1,523</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_365081" id="div_365081">                        <div class="actions">                            7.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=365081">One Cost of the Chilean Capital Controls: Increased Financial Constraints for Smaller Traded Firms</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 53</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 28 Dec 2002</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=202929" target="_blank">Kristin J. 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  <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=885073">The Effects of Inflation on Economic Growth: Lessons from Latin America</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>IMF Working Paper No. 91/95</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 15</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 15 Feb 2006</span>                                                                                                            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                 <span>Number of pages: 50</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 02 Feb 2005</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=442922" target="_blank">Carlos Santiso</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID)                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 1,035</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                       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Gallo</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Department of Economics, Republic of Argentina - Ministry of Economics of the Province of Buenos Aires and University of North Florida - Dept. of Economics                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                            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                                                                                          <span>Posted: 15 Feb 2006</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=98923" target="_blank">Luis I Jácome</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    International Monetary Fund (IMF)                      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Alston</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of North Florida - Dept. of Economics and Indiana University                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                    <p><a class="btn-link versions-btn" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Open tooltip with 2 versions of this paper" ><img src="https://privstatic.ssrn.com/cfincludes/img/icons/icon-small-multipleversion.png" alt="Multiple version icon">There are <span>2</span> versions of this paper</a></p><div class="tooltip bottom-left versions-tooltip" role="tooltip" id="versions-tooltip"><i class="icon-gizmo-delete tooltip-close" aria-label="Close modal" title="Close modal" role="button" tabindex="0" onkeypress="return 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       <span>Posted: 18 Sep 2007</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=114971" target="_blank">John K.M. 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Department of History                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  535</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="trow abs abs_299160" id="div_299160">                        <div class="actions">                            28.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=299160">Constructing a Social Accounting Matrix with a Distributional Focus - 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<span>Last Revised: 19 Jul 2014</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=569586" target="_blank">Erran Carmel</a> and <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1774694" target="_blank">Jessica Richman</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    American University - Kogod School of Business and Oxford 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                                          <span>Number of pages: 34</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 08 Nov 1999</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=44292" target="_blank">Alejandro Gaviria</a> and <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=186589" 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                              <div><i>IBEI Working Paper No. 2006/1</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 19</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 12 Feb 2007</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div 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