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"+" : X<0 ? "-" : " " }function CreateXmlHttpObj1() {try {XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");}catch(e) {try{XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");}catch(oc) {XmlHttpObj1 = null;}}if(!XmlHttpObj1 && typeof XMLHttpRequest != "undefined") {XmlHttpObj1 = new XMLHttpRequest();}}function loadingTime() {//calculate the current time in afterloadvar afterload = (new Date()).getTime();//calculate the secondsclientTime = (afterload-beforeload)/1000;serverTime =  parseFloat(document.getElementById("serverTime").innerHTML);totalTime = (clientTime + serverTime).toFixed(3);document.getElementById("loadingtime").innerHTML = "and delivered in " + totalTime + " seconds";}function addLoadEvent(func) {var oldonload = window.onload;if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {window.onload = func;} else {window.onload = function() {if (oldonload) {oldonload();}func();}}}</script>    <title>SSRN JEL Code: E20</title>    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">    <meta name="robots" content="noindex">        <meta name="description" content="SSRN JEL Code: E20">        <meta name="keywords" content="SSRN, JEL Code: E20">        <link rel="search"              type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"  href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/opensearchdescription.xml"              title="SSRN" />    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script></head>    <body class="new-layout"><div id="genericToastr" class="generic-toastr"><div class="toastr-icon"><i id="toastrIcon"></i></div><div id="toastrMessage" class="toastr-mesage"></div><div class="toastr-close"><i class="icon icon-gizmo-delete" onclick="closeToastr()"></i></div><div class="toastr-link"><a id="toastrLink" href="#"></a></div></div>    <script language="javascript">//Language functionsfunction changeLanguage1(language, response){$.ajax({url: '/AltLanguage_ajax.cfm?type=changeLanguage&partid=1&strCode=en',cache: false,success: function(data) {// Update values in cookiesSet_Cookie('SITEID',language,'-1','/','.ssrn.com','');Set_Cookie('SITEID',language,'1000','/','.ssrn.com','');// Finally, perform redirectionif (response == 'reload') {window.location.reload();}else {window.location.href=response;}}});}function Set_Cookie( name, value, expires, path, domain, secure ) {// set time, its in millisecondsvar today = new Date();today.setTime( today.getTime() );/*if the expires variable is set, make the correctexpires time, the current script below will setit for x number of days, to make it for hours,delete * 24, for minutes, delete * 60 * 24*/if ( expires ) {expires = expires * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;}var expires_date = new Date( today.getTime() + (expires) );document.cookie = name + "=" +escape( value ) +( ( expires ) ? 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                                                                                                                      <div><i>MPRA Paper No. 6449</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 77</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 25 May 2007</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 23 Dec 2008</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                           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                   <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=998" target="_blank">Eugene F. Fama</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Chicago - Finance                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 4,759</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_1961223" id="div_1961223">                        <div class="actions">                            3.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1961223">What Explains the 2007-2009 Drop in Employment?</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Fama-Miller Working Paper, Chicago Booth Research Paper No. 13-43</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 51</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 17 Nov 2011</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 01 Mar 2014</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=93818" target="_blank">Atif R. Mian</a> and <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=334040" target="_blank">Amir Sufi</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Princeton University - Department of Economics and University of Chicago - Booth School of Business                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                    <p><a class="btn-link versions-btn" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Open tooltip with 2 versions of this paper" ><img src="https://privstatic.ssrn.com/cfincludes/img/icons/icon-small-multipleversion.png" alt="Multiple version icon">There are <span>2</span> versions of this paper</a></p><div class="tooltip bottom-left versions-tooltip" role="tooltip" id="versions-tooltip"><i class="icon-gizmo-delete tooltip-close" aria-label="Close modal" title="Close modal" role="button" tabindex="0" onkeypress="return closeTooltip(event)"></i><div class="tooltip-arrow"></div><div class="tooltip-inner"><div class="table papers-list"><div class="tbody"><div class="trow"><div class="actions"><a title="Free paper" href="javascript:void(0);" role="button" class="tooltip-icon-a"><i class="icn icn-free" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div><div class="description"><h3><a class="title optClickTitle" href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1961223" tabindex="0"><span>What Explains the 2007-2009 Drop in Employment?</span></a></h3><div class="reference">Fama-Miller Working Paper, Chicago Booth Research Paper No. 13-43</div><div class="note note-list"><span>Number of pages: 51</span><span tabindex="0">Posted: 17 Nov 2011</span><span>Last Revised: 01 Mar 2014</span></div></div><div class="downloads"><span>Downloads</span><span> 4,631</span></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="actions"><a title="Free paper" href="javascript:void(0);" role="button" class="tooltip-icon-a"><i class="icn icn-free" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div><div class="description"><h3><a class="title optClickTitle" href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2002582" tabindex="0"><span>What Explains High Unemployment? 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                               <div><i>Journal of Qafqaz University, No. 30, p. 45, 2010</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 18</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 02 Nov 2012</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                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                                              <span>Posted: 06 Oct 2014</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 07 Nov 2014</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://privpapers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=343485" target="_blank">Benjamin J. 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                           <div><i>University of Illinois Law Review, 2006, U of Texas Law, Law and Econ Research Paper No. 75</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 30</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 11 Apr 2006</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                           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                                        <div><i>Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper No. 13-32</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 49</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 08 Jun 2013</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 07 Dec 2018</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                   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